Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews complex trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a history of childhood abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term emotional, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always fit the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate but related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003; van der Kolk, 2005; Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following: 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general impact on individuals and society; 2) a description of the phenomenology of complex trauma; 3) the develop mental impact of complex trauma on adolescents; and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents. Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also include repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a large epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258. Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical Evaluation of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178. Najjar, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108. Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408. Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale – Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford.

Managing Resources And Controlling Budgets Essay

Evaluate how managing resources and controlling budgets can improve the performance of Asda. It’s important for Asda to manage all its resources and control its budgets to be successful. Managing resources and budgets gives Asda more structure and stability leading to high performance and success. If resources and budgets are not controlled then many problems could occur for Asda leading to bad performance and failure. Managing the human resources department can help to build more reliable and hardworking workforce and when managing human resources appropriately can lead to highly motivated and skilled staff and can defiantly improve the business performance. E.g. at Asda it’s important to provide staff with incentives so that they feel their work is being valued and they will want to work harder to achieve targets. I believe that if the management of the human resources department is done well then that is the key element to bringing the business to success. If the sta ff are well trained and looked after, they will provide better customer service which in turn will attract more customers therefore they will make more money by just doing that one simple step, staff will also need to stack shelves quickly so that there is always fresh food for customers to buy. Managing physical and technological resources well can have substantial cost saving benefits for Asda, ensuring that the building and the space inside is well maintained helps Asda work more efficiently because customers will be more pleased about changes made therefore it will give them a reason to shop at Asda and also it will make the staff pleased and stimulates them to work efficiently. It is important to have all equipment working e.g. machinery in the factories. Otherwise resources are being wasted and not used efficiently. This can have an impact on the performance because if machinery isn’t working at all this would mean that Asda couldn’t then produce its products. Asda will need to also make sure that they have enough tills working so that customers are served quickly Controlling costs and budgets is essential so that Asda are not overspending on the budget available. Budgets need to be planned carefully in advance and contingencies need to be added in so the business knows exactly how much money is available to spend on the specific department or investment on a new product in order for a budget to be agreed on. This will ensure that enough money is available for each department to carry out their jobs in order to meet the overall aims of the business.

J.P. Morgan’s Latin America M&A department Essay

Juan Lopez, a new associate in J.P. Morgan’s Latin America M&A department, was assigned the task of valuing the telephone directory operation subsidiary of a large Brazilian industrial conglomerate. The subsidiary is Paginas Amarelas, which operates in three Latin countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. All cash flows have been converted to U.S. dollars, and present values computed for various discount rates. In order to the present value properly, he should determine the appropriate target rate of returns for dollar flows originating in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Q1.What is the valuation problem here? In what currency are the cash flows denominated? In what currency should the discount rate denominated? Be sure you understand Exhibits 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the case. Juan chose DCF model to determine fair value of those subsidiaries. To properly apply DCF model WACC is a key underlying assumption. WACC composes of cost of debt and cost of equity. For cost of equity, Juan has some obstacles to determine it using CAPM model because following factors cannot be reasonably valued; 1. Risk-free rate is difficult to be determined because government bonds of those countries are not actually free of risk. Given that those governments had defaulted on principal and interest payments in the recent past. 2. Equity-risk premium cannot be reliably estimated. Equity market of each country has inadequate historical data e.g. historical stock prices, trading volume, dividend yield etc. This is because majority of companies are privately owned. 3. Beta cannot be ap propriately calculated. There is no competitor of the subsidiary in each local market. Potential competitors are either doing many kind of businesses or too small to be compared. For cost of debt, each local operation does not significantly issue debt security independently in an international market. As a result, Juan has to use an estimate of the U.S. dollar rates as if each operation borrow from the bank. Furthermore, each country has high inflation rate which causes valuation on each local currency become less accurate and less reliable. Cash flows are denominated in each local currency i.e. Argentina pesos,  Brazil reals, and Chile pesos. However, given that there are number of drawbacks in valuation on each local currency, as discussed earlier, discount rate should also be denominated in US Dollar. Q2.In this case, why doesn’t J.P. Morgan discount local cash flows at a local required rate of return? In fact, why not use that approach in general? -Firstly, J. P. Morgan is requested to value the business in U.S. dollars by the client, a Brazilian industrial conglomerate.

Modern Educational System Essay

I decided to write about education system in Ukraine because I think it is very common problem and because I’m a student as well. Educational system in Ukraine at the present stage is sufficiently complex and hard-to-reach for citizens. Despite the fact that officially education is considered to be free of charges on all levels for children, in reality parents confront series of problems that are not so easy to deal with, unless they have certain savings of money. So for example, parents are obliged to reserve places in kindergartens even before the children are born. Because if you do not do this by the time your child is three years old there will be no more vacant place left. And of course we must not forget that all institutions of preschool educations under one reason or another demand financial contribution for various needs. The same range of problems is applied to school education with distinction that parents are forced to purchase different teaching material on their own in many cases. Another very important subject matter is related to the field of physical activity for children and teenagers. It is well known that for everyone, who is nearly six or seven years old, immovable pastime on the lessons for forty five minutes is nearly a torture and fifteen minutes of break are not enough for proper progress and harmony of such a young and growing organism. But even in spite of this it makes no difference to us and we continue to insist on such unnatural methods â€Å"doctrine of torment† for our children. The question is why? Against the background of this day’s schedule we are confronting the constant cases of children’s overwork and fatal outcomes. The structure of higher education in Ukraine according to its ideology and goals corresponds to the structure of education in most developed countries of the world. It is very important that in March, 2005 Ukraine has joined the Bologna system and became an active participant of development of the all-European space in the sphere of higher education. For today there are 951 higher educational institutions of different levels of accreditation in Ukraine which conduct preparation of qualified experts of more than 500 specialties. But even more difficult tasks are in prospect to be solved in the system of higher education, so as to adjust proximate planed dependence from demand and offer of experts in different spheres of activity. Nowadays in our country we experience luck of teachers, medical workers, and profile engineers in various sectors and in the same time we have overabundance of such professions as economists, lawyers and others. It’s not a secret that education is not an exception, as well as other â€Å"systems† in our country, where we confront corruption. This issue is one of the most problematic and hard-to-solve for Ukrainian population. For example, Prime Minister of Ukraine N. Azarov has signed a decree of the Cabinet of Ministers aimed at improving the quality of IT professionals, strengthening cooperation between business and education, bringing education to the needs of industry and labor market. One of the key barriers of IT industry development is lack of human resources. The level of IT graduates rarely meets the requirements of the labor market today. Lack of practical training, insufficient level of English proficiency, miss of skills working in the team – all lead to the fact that only 25% of graduates are to work in IT industry and this is very low index. Most likely that we lost true value of the word â€Å"education† – is educating, that means to create and give new image or character to people but not impose them with unlimited amount of knowledge and information that sometimes is not only interesting but unnecessary. English word â€Å"education† or Latin word â€Å"educo† in comparison with the Russian equivalent, expose more precise definition of the notion we putting in this concept by nurturing. It is the purpose of education in every country – rising new spiritual and moral generation – this is our ultimate aim. One of the most vivid examples of such a high-quality education were times of imperial Russia in the middle of XVIII century, where upbringing of high level ecclesiastical and ethical patriots was not restricted by place of birth or nationality of the person. The biggest delusion in our times is the false idea of scientific and technical progress. Under the pretence of it specialization of each tendency narrows with every day. Workers of such a limited in profile become easy-to-handle manipulators and with their help it is possible to comply almost every conception without their understanding and â€Å"thinking into the truth†. Integration to another educational system, like most of European countries, the tests structure, leads to these consequences. As specialists themselves say, one of the most serious problems of integration of the Ukrainian system of education in the Bologna process – is unawareness of officials of the current situation in the Ukrainian and European education, as well as the objectives of the Bologna process. The system of education in the former USSR was considered to be one of the best in the world. It was not declared by other countries by variety of reasons; some of the main ones were political convictions and disinclination to recognize its effectiveness in every way.

Endangered Species Essay

Endangered Species An endangered is a species where the number of the animal’s population has decreased to a point where there is a risk of extinction. Habitat destruction, pollution, and over harvesting has led to extinction. As of 2013, studies show that global extinction threatens more than 30%of at least 70,200 species. The World Wildlife Fund has stated that one of the â€Å"great extinction episodes† of in Earth’s history is currently under way. Animals becoming endangered is a major threat to ecosystems around the world. Animals are a part of the constant cycle that keeps the nature of it’s habitat in balance. If you were to take away the animal, it takes away a crucial part of the cycle, and many other parts of the cycle would perish without the animal’s contribution. Humans are at fault for the mass amount of endangered species because of the detrimental environmental habits that they have. This puts us to great shame and leaves us responsible for these innocent animals.

1. The colonization of the Americas (Read the whole question below) Essay

1. The colonization of the Americas (Read the whole question below) - Essay Example As other European countries realized these possibilities, they  too  went in search for  land  to explore and slaves to do their manual labor bringing about collisions between their cultures (Cobs and Blum, 2). These facts can be well established in the interpretation of the various exchanged items and practices and the various impacts that they had on the items and cultural practices of the different worlds. Though considered as a particularly significant aspect of the American history and culture, the American history itself such as the Columbian exchange began as a disaster. The  collision  and interaction among the new world and the old  world  have been towards the  outcome  for many years before  hand  of the Columbian exchange though along remarkably different  line  patterns from each other.  The West Africans, Indians, and Europeans, differed from each other not only in terms of  language  and physical looks, but also in terms of other social cultural standings such as the roles of women and men in the society, religious beliefs and  government  structures.  While some of the new arrivals in the others lands took this opportunity to observe,  explore  and  learn  others took this  opportunity  as  ground  to justify collisions, wars and savagery behaviors in line with  cultural  and developmental  discrimination  (Cobs and Blum, 2) Collisions during wars and invasions also in turn made cultural exchange able to occur during the earlier times.  Various wars and invasions of  various  com munities by the  different  world was a common issue during these times and such invasions brought the different  world’s  cultured  peoples into contact with each other’s worlds and cultures. The occurrence of wars and invasions was a common occurrence during these time periods and until the times that diplomatic relations  were obtained  between the two worlds. As a community was

Information Technology for Managers Research Paper

Information Technology for Managers - Research Paper Example It must be noted that there are three possible choices for employees and people who would actually be working on the projects and they are ‘the own staff’, ‘consultants’, and the ‘outsource firms’. The above figure shows the mapping for three areas of acquiring custom designs, application package and carrying out the ongoing operations. The ‘own staff’ model has a typical structure of a project manager, developers, testers and so on and is best suited for areas such as infrastructure maintenance, help desk support, back up and so on. In his article on team management, written for the Sloan’s Management Review, Lucas (2006) speaks of the composition, role, and function of the IT team. According to the author, the IT industry does not have too many Generalists but rather specialists who would be looking after specific aspects of the business. Typically, the top and the middle rungs of the team structure would have different roles such as manager, CIO, process manager, the project manager, and the technical staff. Each of these roles would have certain responsibilities and functions and while there is a certain amount of pyramid structure and hierarchy, all roles have to coordinate their efforts for the project to be successful. Wiseman (2004) points out that small project or organizations that may not have large IT initiatives would have a smaller and focussed IT team. Large organizations, on the other hand, would have a full-fledged department that looks at IT as the driver for change management and to bri ng inefficiencies and improvements in the firm. For such organizations, the author has suggested a multi-layers organization as illustrated in the following figure.e, Lucas (2007, p. 171) points out that in some cases, the IT team has to be viewed in context with the model of development that the organization has adopted and the model could be in-house development, outsourcing or offshoring.