buy custom World Religion Class Research Paper essay

buy custom World Religion Class Research Paper essay The world as we know or tend to know it is a haven of beliefs. Everyone would like to believe that he/she worships or believes on a more powerful being than the other. However, there is a problem going by that angle of belief. This is not the period when God or gods used to speak to people through prophets and other divine characters. The problem of these beliefs is brought by the fact that the faithfuls of the different religions cannot prove that they are actually worshipping the right being or that their god is more powerful than that of another group. To distinguish the purpose of one religion from that of another would be a tiresome commitment. However, by investigating the Christian religions and the secular religions, a number of similarities in their beliefs would help determine the likelihood that they worship the same being but in variety of ways. This is a research paper whose aim is to determine a number of similarities within the secular and the Christian religions. To Christians Jesus Christ is their savior and to get to God, they believe that they must honor Jesus first. The holy trinity is another of the Christians beliefs that tend to bring a sense of equity but to only a section of the Christian race. Islam on the other hand can be taken as one religion with multiple of teachings. The same way that Catholics and Protestants dont agree on their interpretations of the Holy Bible, Islam has its partitions which read the same Quran but interpret it differently hence drawing in a situation similar to that of Catholics and Protestants. What connects the Christians and the Islam religions is not what they teach but the belief that between them and God there is a link, incarnation and prophesying are methods that God uses to speak to them, and the human existence is made possible by the will of a supreme being. The Link between God and Humans From time immemorial, objectification of God has been a practice for many religions. It is understood that God uses an army of angels and uses prophets to communicate with the world. To draw the objectification point from that, we look at the holy rosary that is used by Catholics and a number of other religions. The holy rosary has been taken by several churches to represent God. The presence of the cross and/or a curving of what is assumed to be Mary mother of Jesus show that objectification is a way of finding a link between human beings and God. When praying, most of the Christian faithfuls who use the rosary tend to think that it is in the best interest of them to incorporate the rosary. This creates a link assumed to get Gods attention and somewhat drawing in a sense of assurance that their prayers would be answered (Brodd, 2003). Who is Mohammed? Who is Jesus? What is their importance to the lives of the faithfuls who believe in the religions they represent? According to the Islam religion, Mohammed was a prophet who created a link a between the Muslim community and God. This context does not play the same role as that of Jesus for Christians. Jesus is the son of God according to the bible and the beliefs of Christians. To the Muslims who follow theteaching of the Quran with a clear mind, Jesus was also a prophet just like Mohammed. The reason why Muslims believe Jesus was a prophet is because they object the claim by Christians that Jesus was Gods son sent to deliver Jews from sin. The argument by Muslims that Jesus was a prophet is logical due to the fact that in both the Quran and the Bible all people are equal before God. So if God saw it important to make a link between Him and Muslims, then he must have seen it important to create a link for every race. Jesus for the Jews and Mohammed for the Muslims ma kes an impression which stand to be questioned logically; if Jesus represents Jews and Mohammed represented Muslims and they are son and prophet respectively before the eyes of God, why is the imbalance between the two races so pronounced (Shrotri, et al. 1999). There is no point in trying to question why God or the supreme being of whichever religion chose to do things in a certain way or another. Imagining like a god is way off the league of humans, but humans themselves tend to make their own symbols which they believe act as channels of connection between God and themselves. The Cow for Hindus, the Rosary for Catholics, the beads and beards for the Muslim, and shrines for the Buddhists all give the impression that no matter the religion, faithfuls believe on the act of using a person, an animal, an object or assuming a way of life to be close to God. Incarnation and Prophesying The human race is believed to be bound by sin and this is the reason why according to teachings of many religions, there seems to exist a divine power sent to deliver them from sin. In many cultural and social settings, several people and objects are referred to as Gods incarnations to them. The Christian Holy Trinity comprises of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. With sin drawn to the picture, it can be understood that the son is the Gods incarnation to Christians. Developing in the womb of a human to be born as a human in order to save the world (Jews) from sin; the presence of God was brought closer only in a manner made to make the Christian race believe. Arguing from a personal perspective of how it would have been if God chose to represent himself to deliver man from sin; how would it feel like if he introduced himself to Pilate as, Hey, I am God. Different races especially the African traditional settings tend to believe that they have felt the presence of God through a certain elder of their community. Besides what people may assume to be experiencing or believing, hallucination is part of being human. The Hindus do not worship the cow but they assume that the cow is a holy creature responsible for their ways of life. It is believed that Jainism and Buddhism are some of the Indian religions that honor the cow as a holy animal. Is there any aspect of incarnation or prophesy in this belief? We cannot be sure for certain but how about reflecting the teachings and believes of other religions? Christians believe Jesus was the son of God send to earth to deliver Jews from sin. Going with that belief we deduce that the cow in the Indian relligion is Gods incarnation not send to them to deliver them from sin but to help them deal with the day-to-day challenges. The cow in India in used by the Hindus, the Janis, and the Buddhists as a holy animal whose milk nourishes children to a healthy growth, whose dung is a source of energy and an ingredient for the ritual mark on the forehead (tilak). While Christians honor the birth of Jesus Christ by celebrating Christmas, Hindus, Janis, and Buddhist honor the cow with Gopastami (the cow holiday). Brahmans are considered to be high-cast priests whom to their respective duties they are considered prophets in the Hindu religion. Several prophets are used in the Bible to symbolize the use of people by God in connecting with others. Mohammed is considered a prophet in the Islam religion. The faithfuls of all these religions attach special importance to the presence of prophets. They all believe that God work through people to get through to others. The Mormon Church is an example of a secular religion whose doctrines and teachings tend to oppose the teachings of the Quran and the Bible. But conceptually this religion believes that God, prophets and divine elements make up the spiritual world. They believe that God is perfect and they strive to emulate the same. Human Existence and Presence of God Civilization has brought understanding to man in terms of his roots and has laid a foundation for the destination. If we exist now, it means that a much powerful being must have existed before us. Before civilization that took the bible to the Africans, who did the Africans worship? Just like animals, humans have instincts. These instincts work together with the conscious brain to draw reasons as to why things are like they way they are. Both religious and freelancer groups believe or tend to owe their existence to some supreme being. Long before civilization, worshipping was part and parcel of communities all across the world. Even after theories that tend to detach man from Gods creation, it is still believed that a supreme being is responsible for creation or the existence of man. Devil worshippers tend to oppose the teachings of the holy books and tend to honor Lucifer; funny enough they attach the existence of Lucifer to a rather much powerful being. Conclusion People of different denominations owe their existence to some ultimately powerful being. It has been known for ages that the supreme beings responsible for our existence are too powerful that they may cause death if they were seen by us. But in order to make the human race feel close to them and protected, they incarnate themselves to humans and other objects. Neither do we believe in the same teachings nor does our social settings and cultural differences allow for it. This is the reason why there are so many religions in the world. Their teachings are different but all are similar to one another in one way or another. Christians and Muslims believe in the presence of Gods representatives amongst them. Buddhist, Janis and Hindus honor the cow because they believe it is holy and send to them to help them with their day-to-day lives. Buy custom World Religion Class Research Paper essay

Barack Obama, Donald Trump and the Birther Movement

Barack Obama, Donald Trump and the Birther Movement Barack Obama’s legacy as the 44th U.S. president includes the killing of Osama bin Laden, helping the economy bounce back from the Great Recession and his controversial health care plan, but his time in office will forever be linked to the birther movement as well. Birthers not only framed Obama as an illegitimate president but also paved Donald Trump’s path to the White House. With this overview, learn the origins of the movement, how it spread, and its effect on Obama. Birtherism in Context Barack Obama was born Aug. 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a native Kansan mother, Ann Dunham, and a native Kenyan father, Barack Obama Sr. But birthers contend that the president was born in Kenya, like his father. They argue that this made him ineligible to be president. Since Ann Dunham was a U.S. citizen, the birther rumors, even if true, would still be wrong about Obama’s eligibility to be president. As the Harvard Law Review explained in 2015: â€Å"All the sources routinely used to interpret the Constitution confirm that the phrase ‘natural born citizen’ has a specific meaning: namely, someone who was a U.S. citizen at birth with no need to go through a naturalization proceeding at some later time. And Congress has made equally clear from the time of the framing of the Constitution to the current day that, subject to certain residency requirements on the parents, someone born to a U.S. citizen parent generally becomes a U.S. citizen without regard to whether the birth takes place in Canada, the Canal Zone, or the continental United States.† The U.S. State Department also notes that a child born abroad to an American citizen and â€Å"one alien parent† acquires U.S. citizenship at birth. The birthers have never disputed that Ann Dunham was a U.S. citizen. Their failure to do so seriously weakens their argument, not to mention the fact that Obama has provided documentation about his birthplace, a Honolulu newspaper announced his birth just days afterward and family friends said they met him as a newborn in Hawaii. These friends include former Hawaii Gov. Neil Abercrombie. Abercrombie knew both of Barack Obamas parents well. â€Å"Of course, we had no idea at the time that the future president of the United States was that little boy, that little baby,† Abercrombie told CNN in 2015. The former governor became emotional discussing the birther accusations. â€Å"I would just like to ask people who have this political orientation towards the president, respect us here in Hawaii, respect his mother and father. Respect the people that I loved and the people that I knew and the little boy who grew up here in paradise and became president.†Ã‚   How the Birther Movement Began Although the birther rumors became extremely widespread, a lot of confusion exists about the origins of the movement. In fact, it has been linked to both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. But did either of these two, who became rivals during the 2016 presidential race, actually begin the birther movement? Donald Trump’s remarks about birtherism have only added to the confusion. â€Å"Hillary Clinton and her campaign in 2008 started the birther controversy,† Trump said  while campaigning for president in 2016. â€Å"I finished it.† In 2015, U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) also blamed Hillary Clinton for the birther rumors. But both Politifact and Fact-check.org, reportedly the first website to acquire Obama’s birth certificate, have found no connection between the 2008 Clinton campaign and the birther rumors, even if some of her supporters latched on to the unfounded claims. Birtherism simply can’t be traced to a single source, but Politico has linked it to an anonymous chain email from 2008. The email reportedly stated: â€Å"Barack Obama’s mother was living in Kenya with his Arab-African father late in her pregnancy. She was not allowed to travel by plane then, so Barack Obama was born there and his mother then took him to Hawaii to register his birth.† Daily Beast editor John Avlon has blamed Clinton volunteer Linda Starr of Texas for spreading the email. For her part,  Clinton has adamantly denied involvement in the smear campaign. She told CNN’s Don Lemon that to blame her â€Å"is so ludicrous, Don. You know, honestly, I just believe that, first of all, it’s totally untrue, and secondly, you know, the president and I have never had any kind of confrontation like that. You know, I have been blamed for nearly everything, that was a new one to me.† While the name of the birther responsible for the viral email remains unknown, some birthers have proudly identified themselves with the movement. They include Jerome Corsi, whose 2008 book, â€Å"Obama Nation,† accused the president of maintaining dual American and Kenyan citizenship. There’s also former Pennsylvania deputy attorney general Phil Berg. â€Å"Obama carries multiple citizenships and is ineligible to run for President of the United States. United States Constitution, Article II, Section 1,† Berg said in a federal District court complaint filed on Aug. 21, 2008. Berg had spent the previous years suggesting that George W. Bush was somehow involved in the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. After his lawsuit about Obama’s birthplace came others. Alan Keyes, who ran against Obama in the 2004 Senate race and later for president, filed a suit in California concerning Obama’s eligibility to be president. California resident Orly Taitz would file more suits. New Jersey resident Leo Donofrio filed such a suit as well. The courts have ultimately  dismissed all suits involving the birther claims. How Birthers Have Affected Obama In response to the birther claims, Obama has released his birth certificate, which in Hawaii is a certificate of birth. But birthers, including Donald Trump, insisted that the certificate was invalid. Hawaii state officials have even vouched for Obama, including Dr. Chiyome Fukino, then director of the Hawai’i State Department of Health. The doctor swore in 2008 and 2009, â€Å"I... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawai’i State Department of Health verifying Barrack (sic) Hussein Obama was born in Hawai’i and is a natural-born American citizen.† Still, Donald Trump appeared on a number of television programs questioning the authenticity of Obama’s birth certificate and suggesting that no hospital records of his birth in Hawaii could be found. His wife,  Melania Trump, made such  claims on television as well. Spreading the birther claims earned Trump a following among Americans aggrieved that Obama was president. According to polls, more than a quarter of Americans believed Obama was not born in the United States because of the controversy. After years of declaring otherwise, Trump finally admitted that Obama was a U.S. citizen. While stumping for Hillary Clinton in September 2016, First Lady Michelle Obama called the birther claims â€Å"hurtful, deceitful questions, deliberately designed to undermine [Obama’s] presidency.†

ASSIGNMENT 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 - Assignment Example The resultant of this would be the loss of threads and finally loosening of the components. The mechanism behind this corrosion is in the difference that occurs in levels of oxygen between internal crevice and the external surface. The depletion of oxygen on the crevice causes it to be he anode creating an extremely corrosive environment inside the crevice. The corrosion occurs on the low-oxygen area acting as the anode with protection on the high oxygen area as the cathodes. Pitting is another form of localized corrosion that penetrates into metals as quickly as possible mostly at an angle of ninety degrees. As a result of it, we can have leaking tanks. This kind of corrosion is often hard to identify. The moment it is visible to humans, the damage will have been extensive the passivation layer of stainless steel makes it vulnerable pitting corrosion rather than uniform corrosion.The figure below show pits on stainless steel rings after it was subjected to the marine environment Surface corrosion occurs on the surfaces of the materials in question.it has different types that include: stainless steels involves a flat-gray uniform surface attack mostly leading to significant damages in form of deposits of corrosion. Non-stainless products do suffer an extreme corrosion under a pale-black surface. Color-anodized surfaces involves crater formation in places of heavy attacks. In normal conditions only a partial or complete loss of color intensity occurs. This kind of corrosion occurs as a result of chemical and electrochemical influences. This only happens when there is connection with excessive acid contents in relation to stainless steel, soldered connections and sintered carbide metal are concerned. In the case of stainless steel, corrosion is aided by the impact of water/humidity. On anodized surfaces, the impact of acids or

History Of Copper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Of Copper - Essay Example The alloys were harder, making alloys to be extra useful and by 2500 BC, bronze was used by a large group of people, this brought up what historians called bronze era (Leskinen 2009). By 1500 A.D, copper in art started in western countries and it was inform of bronze sculptures. Some places in the East a place called Nara Buddha, a monumental sculpture in bronze dates back to 751 A.D.The next discovery was about copper plating that started in the mid-1600s.tis technique was use used in ship building, to protect the ship from storms. In the modern world there has been improvement in the modern world due to technologies that have emerged. The improvement started to change and to grow to meet the need of the society. This includes flash smelting which began in 1949 and in 1990 copper oxide was first used as a superconductor. The Bronze Age abruptly ended at around 12000 BC, this was due the interference of the international trade routes and the breakdown of the ancient world. Areas where tin was supplied dried up. Is led to the introduction of iron not because it was better than copper but because of its availability (Leskinen 2009). Antecedently, Rome started to be served with copper by copper mines in Spain and Asia and as the empire became big a lot of copper increased in the system. And Spain could produce about 15000 tons of refined copper per anum.It is known that brass an alloy of copper was first dived at this time (Leskinen 2009). This gives a report on history of

Demand vs Supply Essay Example for Free

Demand vs Supply Essay The two main driving forces of the economy are supply and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an item or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the health care industry. As a resource, the health care workforce is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health care workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health care workers such as certified nurses’ aides (CNA’s) and patient care associates (PCA’s). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients. SERVICE OR PRODUCT Health care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of services to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce personnel is that of inadequate staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care personnel within the inpatient setting. IMPACT Nursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity),  consideration of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix (nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly impacts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week. Per-diem agencies are outside contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities may or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a higher level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to provide safe, effective quality care. PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE According to published reports there are key factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012). Unintended additional costs  associated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs can’t stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver optimal health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the increased demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases. CONCLUSION The United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times cause delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place heavy burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can result in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution. For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions made by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its’ consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the adoption of set staffing levels based on  competency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services. REFERENCES Alliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce: Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce. American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues: Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http://www.aft.org/issues/healthcare/staffing/index.cfm Changes in Health Care Financing Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief: Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http://www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdf Getzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply demand. Retrieved from http://www.community.advanceweb.com Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465. Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses: 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http://hrsa.gov. The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce: Background brief. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issues-Modules

EUROPEAN DISEASES Essay -- essays research papers fc

The greatest adversary to the natives in the Americas was not the swords or guns of the invaders. It was the devastation brought by deadly diseases infecting an unsuspecting population that had no immunity to such diseases. The Europeans were said to be thoroughly diseased by the time Columbus set sail on his first voyage (Cowley, 1991). Through the domestication of such animals as pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle, the Europeans exposed themselves to a vast array of pathogens which continued to be spread through wars, explorations, and city-building. Thus any European who crossed the Atlantic was immune to such diseases as measles and smallpox because of battling them as a child. The original inhabitants traveled to the New World in groups of a couple hundred each. Because microbes such as the ones that cause measles and smallpox need populations of several million to survive, the original populations were unaffected by the deadly diseases. However, by the time Columbus arrived, the major Indian groups of Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas had built their populations up enough to sustain mass epidemics. Evidence shows that these populations suffered from such diseases as syphilis, tuberculosis, a few intestinal parasites, and some types of flu, but not the diseases that had been infecting the Old World for centuries. Thus when the Europeans arrived bringing diseases such as smallpox, measles, whooping cough, etc. the natives were immunologically defenseless (Cowley, 1991). It is believed that 40 million to 50 million people inhabited the New World before the arrival of Columbus and the Europeans, and that most of them died within a few decades. For example, Mexico's population fell from about 30 million in 1519 to 3 million in 1588. The other South and Central American countries as well as the Caribbean islands suffered the same devastation (Cowley, 1991). Mass epidemics were virtually unknown in the New World prior to the invasion of the Europeans. Aside from their lack of immunity to the pathogens, another factor in the rapid spread of the diseases could have been the weariness of the Indian populations. Due to their recent conquest and oppression by the Spaniards, the Indians were probably too tired to fight the infections. One thing that must be noted is that contrary to popular belief, infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. are not desig... ...o be like syphilis in that it was haunting isolated populations before becoming global. And just as syphilis was carried globally by ships; jet planes and world-wide social changes have brought AIDS out of isolation. Like smallpox and other infectious diseases in the 16th century and AIDS in the 20th century, what new disease will hit and destroy unsuspecting populations? BIBLIOGRAPHY Cowley, Geoffrey. "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek (Special Issue, Fall/Winter 1991) pp. 54-56 Crosby, Alfred W. Jr. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972 Assignment: Write a short review of this paper for class on Friday. In addition, overwhelming historical evidence suggests that the greatest rates of morbidity and death from infection are associated with the introduction of new diseases from one region of the world to another by processes associated with civilized transport of goods at speeds and over distances outside the range of movements common to hunting and gathering groups. (excerpt from book of same title: pp. 131-141) Cohen, M. Health and the Rise of Civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Eco 507 Midterm

ECO 507 Midterm Test 1. (i. ) ? =? lnQ/? lnP ? =P/Q* (? Q/? K) = Elasticity The coefficients of double log model are the corresponding elasticities Price elasticity = 1. 247 Income elasticity = 1. 905 (ii. )Price elasticity = -1. 2 Income elasticity = 2 Cross price elasticity = 1. 5 Current volume = 10 mil Average income increase by 2. 5% New qty after increase in income = Ie=2 2=%? Q%? I 2=%? Q/2. 5 %? Q=5% New Qty = 11. 445 mil To increase the sales volume only by 9. 2% you would have to reduce the price. %? Q/%? P=Pe -5. 25%?P=-1. 2 %? P=4. 375% (iii). a. Maximize†¦Z = M + . 5S + . 5MS – S? Subject to 30000S + 60000M = 1200000 Lagrangean†¦L=M+. 5S+. MS-S2+? 1,200,000-30,000S-60,000M ?L? S=0. 5+0. 5M-2S-30,000? ?L? M=1+0. 5S-60,000? ?L =30,000S+60,000M Equating ? , I get 1 + 0. 5S/60000 = 0. 5 + 0. 5M – 2S M = 4. 5S By substituting into budget constraint, I get 30000S + 60000 * 4. 5S = 1200000 S = 4 M = 18 b. Cost function = 30000S + 60000M Marginal cost of S = 30000 Marginal cost of M = 60000 Total marginal cost = 90000 c. (iv. ) a. Demand†¦Q = a – bPE = (P/Q)*(? Q/? P) E = -b (P/Q) -0. 4 = -b(4/2) b = 0. 2 a = Q + bP = 2 + 0. 2 * 4 a = 2. 08 Demand Equation†¦Q = 2. 08 – 0. 2P 2. (i) Q = LK ?Q? L = K ?2Q? L2 = 0 The second order derivative did not give a negative value, so it ignores the condition of diminishing marginal productivity of labor. b. Q (L, K) = LK Q (mL, mK) = m? LK The output increases more than proportionally, there are increasing returns to scale. c. Q = LK TC = wL + rK L = wL + rK + ? (Q-LK) ?L? L = w + ? (K) =0 ?L? K = r + ? (L) =0 w /r = K/L =RTSIn this equation, the firm should use K and L as given that ratio to minimize cost of production. The Lagrangean Multiplier is marginal cost of any input to marginal benefit of any input should be same for any input. It explains if marginal cost –benefit ratio is greater for K than L, we have to substitute L for K to minimize cost. d. 225 = LK 225 = 16L+144K L = 16L+144K + ? (225-LK) ?L? L = 16 + ? (K) =0 ?L? K = 144 + ? (L) =0 K/L =0. 11 K = 0. 11 L L (0. 11L) = 225 0. 11 L^2 = 225 L^2= 2045. 46 L = 45. 23 45. 23K = 225 K = 4. 97 TC = 16*45. 23+144*4. 7 TC = $1439. 36 e. (ii) X dollars increase in the daily rate above $60, there are x units vacant. So 60+X= 80-X 2X=20 X=10 If they charge 60+10=$70, 10 rooms will be vacant and 70- rooms will be occupied. The profit for 80 rooms occupation at $60 per room, TR= 80*60= $4800 TC= 4*80= $320 Profit = $4480 The profit for 70 rooms at the price of $70 TR= 70*70= $4900 TC= 4*70= $280 Profit= $4900 -$280= $4620 In this case the profit will also be maximized. 3. i) a) Maximize Y = 2Ty – . 001Ty^2 S. t. 100Ty + 25Tz = 1300 Also Maximize Z= 20 Tz – . 1 Tz^2 S. t 100Ty + 25Tz = 1300 b) I used the Lagrangean to get: L = 2Ty – . 001Ty^2 + 20 Tz – . 01 Tz^2 +? (1300 – 100 Ty- 25Tz) dL/dTy = 2 – 0. 002Ty – ? (100) = 0 dL/dTz = 20 – 0 . 02Tz -? (25) = 0 Also 100Ty + 25Tz = 1300 Divide the first two equation to get : 2 – 0. 002Ty = ? (100) 20 – 0. 02Tz =? (25) 2- 0. 002Ty = 100 20- 0. 02Tz = 25 2-0. 002Ty /20- 0. 002Tz = 4 2- 0. 002Ty = 80 – 0. 008Tz 0. 008 Tz – 0. 002Ty = 78 100Ty + 25Tz = 1300 So T*y = 2. 28 and Tz = 42. 88 ii) a) Q= 10 L – 0. 1L ^2 Wage rate = 12Now Q = 250 Then L required Then L* = 50 And Labor price is 12 so total cost = 12Ãâ€"50 = 600 < 500. You should not accept the offer b) Optimal amount of labor will be the one that equates MPL with wage ratio MPL = 10 – 0. 2L = 2 8 = 0. 2 L L* = 40 And wage paid = 80 This is the optimal point and I should accept the offer as 80 < 500 Profit = 500 – 80 = 420 iii) To calculate the optimal price I used the markup formula that says that P – MC/ P = – 1/ed Put the values to get P- 10/P = -1/1. 5 1. 5 P – 15 = -P 2. 5 P = 15 P* = 6